Municipal solid waste to energy conversion methodology as physical , thermal , and biological methods

ISSN: 2410-8790 Pandey et al / Current Science Perspectives 2(2) (2016) 39-44 iscientic.org. www.bosaljournals/csp/ 40 [email protected] Since India has different geographical and demographical pattern so the waste generation pattern also varies from state to state or one region to another region (Draft Report of Core Group on Appropriate Technology, Research and Development (SWM), Technology Advisory Group and Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation, Government of India). Also the generation of solid waste depends upon the standard living of people, economical condition, the rate of literacy of population and historical or religious value of places (GOI, 2003; Pattnaik and Reddy, 2010). Municipal solid waste in developing countries like India comprise a big portion of biomass material such as paper, food, wood waste, clothes, plastics, vegetable, rubbers and others daily used discarded materials (Klein, 2002). If these discarded wastes are not dumped at ultimate place of rest it creates a lot of hazardous environmental condition, sanitary losses of surrounding and distorting the aesthetic beauty of surrounding (Draft Report of Core Group on Appropriate Technology, Research and Development (SWM), Technology Advisory Group and Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, New Delhi). Municipal solid waste is the result of human daily activities whether ineffective and inappropriate management system is used. it may causes the environmental pollution and endangers the mankind’s health, wealth and other biotic and abiotic component of eco system (OECD, 1995). On other hand the conventional source of energy like fossil fuels and petroleum are depleting at rapid rates (OECD, 1995). Whole nation are seeking an alternative source of energy. In this regard municipal solid waste can be taken as an opportunity as a source of energy for power generation or industrial and agriculture used (Akolkar, 2005). To satisfying the energy demands through the use of renewable energy sources is a main agenda now a days because of environmental issue and sustainable developments (GOI, 2003, MOUD, 2005). The main objective of this paper is to give an overview of potential of municipal solid waste as source of renewable energy. The analysis of generation and composition capacity of municipal solid waste will be main focus to establish amount of energy that can be extracted from municipal solid waste (Nagayama, 2010). STATUS OF WORLD TILL END OF 2014 Municipal solid waste often called garbage is used to produce energy at solid waste to energy plants. The generation of energy from the waste varies from one place to another place worldwide. Developed countries produces more and more waste and also utilized these waste for energy generation effectively as comparison to developing nation. In developed countries like America 90-95%of generated waste is used to generate energy at waste to energy plants (GOI, 2003, MOUD, 2005; Sudhire et al., 1996; Yelda and Kansal, 1996). World Bank (2012) reports on solid waste indicate that solid waste generation will increase from 1.3 billion to 2.5 billion tons/year by 2025 and mostly it will increased by developing countries. Urban India produces 1,20,000 tons of MSW/Day Per capita. Total generated and collected 94% MSW is dumped on land and 5% is composed 23 metro cities generate 30,000 tons of SW/Day. Generated waste from big cities is 50,000 tons of solid waste per day. Indiscriminate disposal of MSW is major nuisance in urban areas including ground water and soil quality problem (GOI, 2003). State wise Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, tamilnadu are the major generators that accounting about 60 % of total solid waste generation (Akolkar, 2005). STATUS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Million Tons More than 40,000 industrial units in the country are producing hazardous waste of the order of 7.9 /annum (Akolkar, 2005). • About 3.98 Million Tons is recyclable • 3.32 Million Tons landfillable. • 0.60 Million Tons is incinerable Recycling/Reprocessing • More than 1,000 recycling/reprocessing units have been registered for recycling of wastes like used lead acid battery scrap and other lead and non-ferrous metal scrap, process residues, waste oils and used lubricating oils. • Recently registration has been given for E-waste recycling as well to about 88 units in the country. • 30 Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDF) have been established for disposal of hazardous waste in secured landfills or by incineration process. • The number of such facilities presently is 30 with a total landfill capacity of about 34 Million Tons. The number of common incinerators is 22 with a capacity of about 0.2 million Tons/annum. Individual industries have their own captive landfills and incinerators. Their number is 62 landfills & 127 incinerators (Draft Report of Core Group on Appropriate Technology, Research and Development (SWM), Technology Advisory Group and Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, New Delhi; GOI, 2003; MoEF, 2000; USAEPR, 2005; Mor et al., 2006; Guermoud et al., 2009; Henry et al., 2006; Gentil et al., 2009; Rodionov and Nakata, 2011). METHOD OF WASTE TO ENERGY RECOVERY The energy from waste can be directly derived by converting waste into biogas, syngas or heat. The technological method for converting energy from waste can be three types that are physical, thermal and biological method (Fig. 1) (World Bank, ISSN: 2410-8790 Pandey et al / Current Science Perspectives 2(2) (2016) 39-44 iscientic.org. www.bosaljournals/csp/ 41 [email protected] 1999; CPCB, 2004; EPA, 2010; Mohn et al., 2008; Fellner et al., 2007; Saeed et al., 2009). These techniques are given below. Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of waste to energy management